Exam 2 Study Guide

Christianity from the Eighth Century through the Present Day

Be familiar with the material in these sections of the textbook or documents from the class website:

• Introducing Christianity, chapters 9-15
• Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity, chapters 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12
• Important Dates in the History of Christianity (Unit Two)
• Important Terms related to the History of Christianity (Unit Two)
• maps under the Other Links section of the class website (Unit Two only)

Other than the dates listed in "Important Dates," you will not be asked about any specific dates. However, you should be able to put important people and/or events in chronological order. For example, you should know that the Protestant Reformaion made an impact on Germany and Switzerland before moving to England and Scotland, and that the Renaissance predates the Enlightenment, which predates the Modern and Postmodern periods.

Review the multiple choice questions contained in the four practice quizzes available on Blackboard.

Sample discussion/short answer questions:

• Discuss the theory of the two swords, first stated by Pope Gelasius but expanded upon by late medieval popes like Innocent III and Boniface VIII.
• What was the Investiture Controversy?
• Discuss the Avignon Papacy (AKA the Babylonian captivity of the Church) and the Great Western Schism. How was this controversy ultimately ended?
• Discuss the theory of the Just War.
• Discuss efforts to reform the church in the three centuries prior to the Protestant Reformation. (at a minimum, you should include discussions of John Wycliffe, Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and the Conciliar Movement)
• Discuss at least three of the first four Crusades. (exact dates aren't important, but a focus on the goals and outcomes is)
• Compare and contrast the Magisterial (i.e., Protestant) Reformation, the Radical Reformation, and the Catholic/Counter Reformation
• Discuss the most important outcomes of the Councils of Trent, Vatican I, and Vatican II
• What were the three most important outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia?
• Discuss the three most important events of 1492. Which do you think had the greatest long-term impact, and why?
• List and briefly describe the five points of Calvinism (TULIP)
• List at least five different pairs of individuals or groups that were on opposite sides of the debate over divine grace vs. free will over the centuries of Christian history.
• Discuss in detail one of the following reactions to Protestant orthodoxy: rationalism, spiritualism, or pietism.
• What do Christians mean when they describe God as either "wholly other," "the ground of all being," or "dead"? Give at least one example of a Christian scholar who has used this terminology.