Exam 2 Study Guide

What They Thought

Be familiar with the material in these documents from the class website:

• The Divine and the Human in Christ
• Nicene and Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creeds
• Important Ecumenical Councils through the High Middle Ages
• Medieval Proofs of the Existence of God
• Notes on the Beginnings of Islam

Be able to identify and describe/briefly discuss the following:

• heteroousios
• homoousios
• homoiousios
• homoios
• Arius
• Athanasius
• Ulfilas
• Constantine I
• Constantius
• theotokos
• Nestorius
• monophysitism
• icon
• iconoclast
• iconodule
• transubstantiation
• filioque
• Trinity
• Donation of Constantine
• Pope Leo I the Great
• Pope Gelasius I
• Pope Gregory I the Great
• Pope Leo IX
• Great Schism of the Church
• Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
• Investiture Controversy
• Pope Gregory VII
• Pope Boniface VIII
• Unam Sanctam
• Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity of the Church)
• Guelfs and Ghibellines
• Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
• Bernard of Clairvaux
• Hildegard of Bingen
• Boethius
• nominalism and realism
• Avicenna
• Averroes
• Anselm
• Abelard
• Thomas Aquinas
• Mishna
• Gemara
• Talmud
• Maimonides
• Muhammad
• Hijra
• Hajj
• Sunni
• Shia
• Sufi
• Inquisition
• Fibonacci
• Gerbert of Aurillac
• Roger Bacon
• Robert Grosseteste
• al-Khwarizmi
• Basil the Great
• Benedict of Nursia
• Francis of Assisi
• Dominic
• hermit
• cloistered (cenobitic) orders
• mendicant orders
• military orders
• monasticism
• asceticism
• Carolingian Renaissance
• Alcuin
• Peter Lombard
• trivium
• quadrivium

Know one significant fact about the following medieval personalities:

• Leif Ericson
• Duke Winceslaus of Bohemia
• Meister Eckhart
• Robert Grosseteste
• Nennius
• Alfonso VI the Brave
• Rumi
• Olaf Tryggvason
• Rashi
• Lady Godiva
• Prester John
• William Wallace
• Saint Guinefort

Sample multiple choice questions:

• The Semi-Arian view of the relationship between the Father (God) and the Son (Jesus), favored by the Goths and most other Germanic tribes, can be expressed by what word (circle your answer)? homoousios, homoiousios, heteroousios, anomoios
• The ecumenical council which defined the two natures of Christ, divine and human, as “without confusion, without mutability, without division, without separation” was the Council of (circle your answer) Nicaea, Constantinople, Ephesus, Chalcedon.
• The Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine used in the Eucharistic meal are transformed into the literal body and blood of Christ is called the doctrine of (circle your answer) transubstantiation, iconoclasm, substantia, monophysitism
• Which of the following decrees were NOT issued at the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 (circle your answer)? all Christians must confess to a priest at least once per year, Jews and Muslims must wear distinctive clothing, the see of Rome has primacy over all other sees, the Holy Spirit is divine
• The ongoing argument between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV over who had the right to appoint bishops and abbots was part of the _________________ Controversy (circle your answer). Acacian, Iconoclastic, Investiture, Hesychastic
• Theodoric, king of the Goths, had which famous philosopher imprisoned and put to death (circle your answer)? Pseudo-Dionysius, Boethius, John Scotus Eriugena, John Duns Scotus
• Who wrote Sic et Non (Yes and No), the book that set the stage for the rise of scholasticism (circle your answer)? Abelard, Anselm, Avicenna, Averroes
• Which of these is NOT one of Thomas Aquinas’s proofs of the existence of God (circle your answer)? ontological argument, argument from motion, argument from efficient cause, argument from governance
• The Talmuds are commentaries on the _____________ (circle your answer). Bible, Tosefta, Mishna, Gemara
• Which is NOT one of the five pillars of Islam (circle your answer)? prayer, creed, fasting, memorizing the Quran

Sample essay/short answer questions:

• Discuss the Iconoclastic Controversies that affected the Byzantine Church and Empire. Include a discussion of the roles played by (first controversy) Emperor Leo III, Emperor Constantine VI, John of Damascus, Empress Irene, (second controversy) Emperor Leo V, Empress Theodora (wife of Theophilos)
• Discuss the conflict between the Guelfs and the Ghibellines, especially as they involved the city of Florence.
• Discuss Christian attitudes toward war from the first century through the medieval period. Include a discussion of the Just War theory.
• Discuss the life and philosophy of Boethius. Include a discussion of his book The Consolation of Philosophy
• Discuss the life and contribution to scholasticism of Peter Abelard. Include a discussion of his book Sic et Non (Yes and No).
• Contrast Anselm's Ontological Argument for the existence of God with Aquinas's Argument from Motion and Argument from Government for the existence of God.
• Contrast Anselm's concept of the Atonement (the Satisfaction Theory) with Abelard's (the Example Theory).
• Discuss the rise of a persecuting society in the High Middle Ages.
• Discuss the rise of universities in the medieval period.